Stressed Aquifers Around the Globe

SOPHIA LI

August 13, 2012

Groundwater depletion is particularly severe in places including California’s Central Valley, the Upper Ganges in India and Pakistan, Iran and Saudi Arabia, researchers report.

As the worst drought in decades continues to afflict the Midwest and the Great Plains, it is straining a precious commodity far beneath the earth’s surface: groundwater.

Take, for instance, the Ogallala aquifer, which underlies eight states from Nebraska to Texas. The aquifer helps irrigate fields of corn, soybeans and wheat, notes Mark Svoboda, a climatologist at the University of Nebraska at Lincoln who maintains the U.S. Drought Monitor.

In a summer like this, even farmers who draw from the Ogallala instead of relying on rain to water their crops are hit hard, Dr. Svoboda said. They generally have to pump up more water from below, especially because the extreme heat above evaporates moisture quickly. “When you’re not getting any help from what’s coming out of the sky, you are drawing down more than you would like to,” he said.

But the Ogallala — and other aquifers in major agricultural regions around the world — is overextended already, according to a study published in the latest issue of Nature. Such aquifers are being depleted at an unsustainable rate in the long term, not as a result of a single summer’s weather, said Tom Gleeson, a hydrogeologist at McGill University in Canada and the lead author of the study.

The paper tracks groundwater depletion across the globe. For their analysis, Dr. Gleeson and his colleagues at Utrecht University in the Netherlands used data from the International Groundwater Resources Assessment Center on groundwater drawn from more than 700 aquifers. To calculate the level of stress on the aquifers, they combined the data with estimates of how much rainfall would help replenish each one and how much groundwater would flow into lakes, rivers or other bodies of water in the vicinity.

The study underlines a problem that scientists have already pinpointed: that the demand for groundwater in several major agricultural regions of the world is unsustainable.

The analysis showed that groundwater supplies in the Upper Ganges of India and Pakistan, the Central Valley of California and the North China plain are heavily overexploited, something that was already well known before. But the new study also revealed that aquifers in Iran, western Mexico and Saudi Arabia are also being quickly depleted, Dr. Gleeson said.

He said hoped that the study and its way of quantifying the stress on an aquifer would help groundwater managers re-evaluate their policies, In a region with an overexploited aquifer, the water managers could limit how much groundwater is drawn or encourage farmers to use groundwater more efficiently when irrigating their crops, he said.

Altogether, 1.7 billion people live in areas with overextended groundwater supplies. But in an interconnected world where food travels thousands of miles, the impact stretches further, Dr. Gleeson said.

“If our agricultural systems are stressed, where the people are eating that food matters,” he said.